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REPORT ON SPRINGSHED MANAGEMENT IN THE HIMALAYA: MANIPUR STATE - PHASE III
VENUE- CONFERENCE HALL, DIRECTORATE OF ENVIRONMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE
DATE- 19TH -24TH SEPTEMBER 2022
Background of the training cum workshop programme
To address the issue of drying springs and deterioration of water quality, the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD, Nepal) and its partners are implementing an action research project to support and strengthen the capacity of state actors and institutions for spring rejuvenation in the Indian Himalayan Region (IHR). The project will use a scientific and participatory approach and methodology based on a customized six-step protocol for spring revival at four pilot locations across the Indian Himalayan Region strategically chosen based on geology, ecology and agro-climatic and socio-economic conditions. Lunghar village in Ukhrul District, Manipur has been chosen as one of the pilot locations for the Springshed Management Project. The initiative intends to develop and promote a scientifically robust participatory methodology for springshed management and implementation of socially inclusive springshed management plans that especially address the vulnerability of women and marginalized groups to improve the overall water scarcity in the Indian Himalayan Region (IHR). The project is supported by the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) as a part of the Strengthening State Strategies for Climate Action (3SCA) Phase 2 known as the Strengthening Climate Change Adaptation in Himalayas (SCA-Himalayas) Project. The Springshed management project will be mainstreamed into national and state level policies and district level plans in the IHR, while ensuring both practical and research-based evidence from the ground.
As a part of the Springshed Management Project, State Climate Change Cell, Directorate of Environment and Climate Change, Govt. of Manipur as a Nodal Partner in Manipur State in association with ICIMOD (Nepal), ACWADAM, IIT-Roorkee and People's Science Institute (PSI) jointly organized a training cum workshop programme with the participation of line departments of the State Government and non-governmental partners implementing action research, with the aim of advancing scientific knowledge, capacity building and developing a Decision Support System (DSS) for Springshed. The 6-days training cum workshop was held from 19th to 24th of September, 2022 at the Conference Hall, Directorate of Environment and Climate Change, Govt. of Manipur, Porompat, Imphal East.
Resource persons, Mr. Imran Siddique (ACWADAM), Simran Sumbre (ACWADAM), Madhav Dhakal (ICIMOD), Gunanidhi Pokhrel (ICIMOD) were present at the training cum workshop session. Trainees from local communities, women folks, representatives of Village authorities and youths of Lunghar and Shirui Village participated in the training programme. Officials and staff of the Directorate of Environment and Climate Change, Govt. of Manipur, along with line department officials from Water Resources Department, Agriculture, Forestry, PHED, Horticulture and non-governmental delegates from different areas of the state also took part. The proceedings of the 6-day training-cum workshop programme are as follows.
DAY-1
Dr. T. Brajakumar Singh, Joint Director, Directorate of Environment and Climate Change (DoE&CC) gave the keynote address by welcoming all the expert members as well as representatives from line departments and the trainees who took part in the workshop. He briefed the gathering about the Springshed Management Project and highlighted the importance of springs and their rejuvenation as we are facing the issues of springs drying up at an alarming rate. He further added how the training programmes under the Springshed Management Project will be beneficial for understanding the science and the technicalities behind spring revival and encouraged all the participants to take part in all the sessions of the 6- days Training Programme.
The session was taken over by Imran Siddique, ACWADAM with a presentation on “Building water security and resilience through springshed management” where he highlighted about how millions of people in the Himalayan Region depends on springs for their water security and how it is important for people to address the issues of drying springs. He talked about the initiative of the Springshed Management Project in the Himalaya which is to develop and implement a science-based springshed management in the Indian Himalayan Region based on action research, capacity building, scaling up and knowledge sharing. He explained that the project uses a scientific and participatory approach and methodology based on a customized six-step protocol for spring revival. The different ways of spring monitoring and the instrumentation needed while monitoring was also discussed.
In his second presentation, Imran Siddique talked about “Introduction to the relevance of springs, concept of springshed management and the six-step protocol for spring revival in the Himalayas” and gave a brief introduction to Advanced Centre for Water Resources Development and Management (ACWADAM) which is an action-research based organisation working on the science of groundwater and its applications to societal development. He also talked about the history of groundwater usage in India and the ancient practices of assessing the aquifers and of the existing cultural aspects of the springs. The global expansion of ground water usage due to the increasing agricultural land expansion was also highlighted. He pointed out the increasing scenario of spring water depletion and how the changing climate, change in land use and land cover, events like landslides and earthquakes, etc. are the root causes of spring water depletion. He discussed about the importance of spring revival and the significance of understanding local hydrogeology and gave a brief introduction to the 6 steps protocol for spring revival.
In the afternoon session, various case studies were presented by the experts of ACWADAM. Case studies of Springshed management in Bohal spring, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh and Nagaland where spring discharge reduction was addressed by creating a spring management plan for protection and conservation of spring was shared. The session of Day 1 was wrapped up by sharing the experiences from pilot site at Lunghar village, Ukhrul district, Manipur.
DAY 2
The second day of the Springshed Management training- workshop programme was resumed with Dr. T Brajakumar, Joint Director, DoE&CC, by revisiting the sessions from the previous day. He expressed his expectations of a convergence of the interdisciplinary groups with the various line departments, NGOs, Community Resource People and to target a draft of action plans for Springshed Management from the discussion.
The session was continued with the participants reflecting the sessions from the previous day and later followed by the stepwise explanation of the systematic 6 step protocol of Spring Revival. The first step which is the Spring Inventory, was explained by Imran Siddique along with the parameters, procedures and the outputs of it. Spring inventory includes the comprehensive mapping of the springs and springshed including web-based maps, GPS locations of springs and basic socio-economic information, he explained. He also talked about the various Parameters to be noted while doing Spring Inventory and the steps to be followed. The output of spring inventory which results to a comprehensive database with the GPS locations of the springs, one-time discharge and water quality values, basic socio-economic data, and a field report that documents these findings was also explained. He also mentioned about monitoring Critical springs as well.
The second step of Spring revival, which is Setting up of a data monitoring system was explained by Madhav Dhakal, Hydrologist, ICIMOD, Nepal with a presentation on “Importance of springshed data monitoring system: mechanisms of setting up a monitoring system”. He talked about spring monitoring, selection of Springs and data collection and the importance of checking data quality and storing. He explained the various criteria for spring selection for long term monitoring and providing training to the data recorder who is to be a local and is able to measure discharge and precipitation accurately and enter data accurately in the data entry format. He also explained the steps of measuring spring discharge, rainfall measurement and water quality testing technique.
The next step of Spring Revival “Gender, Social and Governance aspects” was explained by Simran Sumbre, ACWADAM with a presentation on “Community Mobilization, PRA tools, and Institutions for Spring Governance” where she talked about socio-hydrogeology which is the interconnected relationship between the community and their groundwater and why understanding it is important. She also talked about the elements of socio-hydrogeology and the tools & techniques, such as Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA), focused group discussions, household surveys, semi-structured interviews are important for data collection. She also mentioned the different aspects of community mobilization and the importance of involving women in socio-hydrogeological data collection because water insecurity has a differential impact on women, especially from the marginalized group. She also talked about the importance of involving women participants and people from marginalized groups while forming Institutions for spring governance for achieving water safety and security. Vulnerability assessment of Springs and identification of Critical springs were also highlighted during her presentation.
DAY 3- Field visit at Spring Source water supply system, Chakpa Phayeng.
As a part of the training programme, the participants along with the experts and officials of DoE&CC visited Spring Source water supply system at Chakpa Phayeng with the purpose to understand spring inventory, water quality testing and spring discharge measurement. During the field visit, spring discharge measurement and household surveys were carried out.
DAY 4
The fourth day of the training cum workshop programme commenced with a reflection from the participants on how the field visit to Spring Source water supply system, Chakpa Phayeng helped in understanding spring inventory, water quality testing and spring discharge measurement, PRA at village level. Simran Sumbre helped in the interpretation and evaluation of the field data and household surveys done during the field visit.
The session was continued with an explanation on the next step of Spring revival by Gunanidhi Pokhrel, ICIMOD, Nepal with a presentation on “Significance of geology in understanding spring hydrogeology”. During his presentation he talked about Rock types and rock cycle, characteristics of rocks, geological structures, weathering and erosion, groundwater Springs and their types groundwater in different environment. He also talked about the different primary and secondary rock structures, Bedding/Foliation and the effects of weathering and erosion. Distribution of groundwater, its movement in different environments and their interaction with springs were also mentioned in his presentation. He also explained the various types of springs on the basis of occurrence like Depression spring, Fracture spring, Contact spring, Fault spring and Karst spring.
The second session of the 4th step of spring revival was continued by Imran Siddique with a presentation on “Hydrogeological mapping” where mapping of geology and hydrological property of rocks were explained. He also explained about the hydrogeological mapping of horizontal rocks and inclined rocks and parameters such as orientations, magnitude of openings, rock type and its orientation, magnitude of weathering and its thickness, extent and thickness of unconsolidated deposits are important parameters to be noted while collecting field data. He also highlighted the importance of proper data entry of field observations to create a map.
Gunanidhi Pokhrel took over the session with a presentation on “Introduction to the measurement of rock attributions using instruments and techniques” in continuation of the step 4 of spring revival. He talked about geological observations and parameters to be noted while taking a transect walk. The methods of compass reading- Azimuthal and Quadrant reading, measurement of orientation of inclined and horizontal rock types, measurement of dip angle, dip direction was also explained.
The fifth step of spring revival i.e., implementation of Springshed management activities for spring revival and conservation was explained by Madhav Dhakal, ICIMOD, Nepal with a presentation on “Measures in recharge zone” where recharge measurements and the different ways to measure recharge depending on land use, and land ownership of recharge zone were explained. He spoke in detail about structural measurement, vegetative measures, agronomic measures and combined measures, which are the different types of recharge measurement.
DAY 5- Field visit to Kotlen
In continuation of the training programme, the team visited Kotlen, Kangpokpi district for a deeper understanding of the hydrogeological mapping of Springshed management, which is the 5th step of Spring Revival.
DAY- 6
The last day of the training cum workshop on Springshed Management commenced with a presentation on “Governance Protocol and demand management” by Madhav Dhak al in continuation of the 4th step of spring revival. He talked about the importance of governance of springshed and Water user groups, for the management of springs and their recharge areas. He mentioned the various duties of the water user groups and regulations to be followed while implementing springshed management.
Lastly, Madhav Dhakal gave a presentation on “Measuring Impact of Spring Revival” as a part of the final step of Spring Revival- Monitoring and evaluation of Springshed Management. He explained that the 6th step of spring revival includes continuous spring monitoring, data collection and checking data quality and storing. After interventions, impacts such as improved aquifer storage reflected through an increase in spring discharge, etc. are expected to be observed.
The 6-day workshop cum training programme was concluded with a post training assessment along with feedbacks from the trainees and participants. Participation certificates were distributed to all the participants followed with vote of thanks by S.K. Gainaimei, Programme Officer, DoE&CC.
REPORT ON SPRINGSHED MANAGEMENT IN THE HIMALAYA: MANIPUR STATE - PHASE III
VENUE- CONFERENCE HALL, DIRECTORATE OF ENVIRONMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE
DATE- 19TH -24TH SEPTEMBER 2022
Background of the training cum workshop programme
To address the issue of drying springs and deterioration of water quality, the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD, Nepal) and its partners are implementing an action research project to support and strengthen the capacity of state actors and institutions for spring rejuvenation in the Indian Himalayan Region (IHR). The project will use a scientific and participatory approach and methodology based on a customized six-step protocol for spring revival at four pilot locations across the Indian Himalayan Region strategically chosen based on geology, ecology and agro-climatic and socio-economic conditions. Lunghar village in Ukhrul District, Manipur has been chosen as one of the pilot locations for the Springshed Management Project. The initiative intends to develop and promote a scientifically robust participatory methodology for springshed management and implementation of socially inclusive springshed management plans that especially address the vulnerability of women and marginalized groups to improve the overall water scarcity in the Indian Himalayan Region (IHR). The project is supported by the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) as a part of the Strengthening State Strategies for Climate Action (3SCA) Phase 2 known as the Strengthening Climate Change Adaptation in Himalayas (SCA-Himalayas) Project. The Springshed management project will be mainstreamed into national and state level policies and district level plans in the IHR, while ensuring both practical and research-based evidence from the ground.
As a part of the Springshed Management Project, State Climate Change Cell, Directorate of Environment and Climate Change, Govt. of Manipur as a Nodal Partner in Manipur State in association with ICIMOD (Nepal), ACWADAM, IIT-Roorkee and People's Science Institute (PSI) jointly organized a training cum workshop programme with the participation of line departments of the State Government and non-governmental partners implementing action research, with the aim of advancing scientific knowledge, capacity building and developing a Decision Support System (DSS) for Springshed. The 6-days training cum workshop was held from 19th to 24th of September, 2022 at the Conference Hall, Directorate of Environment and Climate Change, Govt. of Manipur, Porompat, Imphal East.
Resource persons, Mr. Imran Siddique (ACWADAM), Simran Sumbre (ACWADAM), Madhav Dhakal (ICIMOD), Gunanidhi Pokhrel (ICIMOD) were present at the training cum workshop session. Trainees from local communities, women folks, representatives of Village authorities and youths of Lunghar and Shirui Village participated in the training programme. Officials and staff of the Directorate of Environment and Climate Change, Govt. of Manipur, along with line department officials from Water Resources Department, Agriculture, Forestry, PHED, Horticulture and non-governmental delegates from different areas of the state also took part. The proceedings of the 6-day training-cum workshop programme are as follows.
DAY-1
Dr. T. Brajakumar Singh, Joint Director, Directorate of Environment and Climate Change (DoE&CC) gave the keynote address by welcoming all the expert members as well as representatives from line departments and the trainees who took part in the workshop. He briefed the gathering about the Springshed Management Project and highlighted the importance of springs and their rejuvenation as we are facing the issues of springs drying up at an alarming rate. He further added how the training programmes under the Springshed Management Project will be beneficial for understanding the science and the technicalities behind spring revival and encouraged all the participants to take part in all the sessions of the 6- days Training Programme.
The session was taken over by Imran Siddique, ACWADAM with a presentation on “Building water security and resilience through springshed management” where he highlighted about how millions of people in the Himalayan Region depends on springs for their water security and how it is important for people to address the issues of drying springs. He talked about the initiative of the Springshed Management Project in the Himalaya which is to develop and implement a science-based springshed management in the Indian Himalayan Region based on action research, capacity building, scaling up and knowledge sharing. He explained that the project uses a scientific and participatory approach and methodology based on a customized six-step protocol for spring revival. The different ways of spring monitoring and the instrumentation needed while monitoring was also discussed.
In his second presentation, Imran Siddique talked about “Introduction to the relevance of springs, concept of springshed management and the six-step protocol for spring revival in the Himalayas” and gave a brief introduction to Advanced Centre for Water Resources Development and Management (ACWADAM) which is an action-research based organisation working on the science of groundwater and its applications to societal development. He also talked about the history of groundwater usage in India and the ancient practices of assessing the aquifers and of the existing cultural aspects of the springs. The global expansion of ground water usage due to the increasing agricultural land expansion was also highlighted. He pointed out the increasing scenario of spring water depletion and how the changing climate, change in land use and land cover, events like landslides and earthquakes, etc. are the root causes of spring water depletion. He discussed about the importance of spring revival and the significance of understanding local hydrogeology and gave a brief introduction to the 6 steps protocol for spring revival.
In the afternoon session, various case studies were presented by the experts of ACWADAM. Case studies of Springshed management in Bohal spring, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh and Nagaland where spring discharge reduction was addressed by creating a spring management plan for protection and conservation of spring was shared. The session of Day 1 was wrapped up by sharing the experiences from pilot site at Lunghar village, Ukhrul district, Manipur.
DAY 2
The second day of the Springshed Management training- workshop programme was resumed with Dr. T Brajakumar, Joint Director, DoE&CC, by revisiting the sessions from the previous day. He expressed his expectations of a convergence of the interdisciplinary groups with the various line departments, NGOs, Community Resource People and to target a draft of action plans for Springshed Management from the discussion.
The session was continued with the participants reflecting the sessions from the previous day and later followed by the stepwise explanation of the systematic 6 step protocol of Spring Revival. The first step which is the Spring Inventory, was explained by Imran Siddique along with the parameters, procedures and the outputs of it. Spring inventory includes the comprehensive mapping of the springs and springshed including web-based maps, GPS locations of springs and basic socio-economic information, he explained. He also talked about the various Parameters to be noted while doing Spring Inventory and the steps to be followed. The output of spring inventory which results to a comprehensive database with the GPS locations of the springs, one-time discharge and water quality values, basic socio-economic data, and a field report that documents these findings was also explained. He also mentioned about monitoring Critical springs as well.
The second step of Spring revival, which is Setting up of a data monitoring system was explained by Madhav Dhakal, Hydrologist, ICIMOD, Nepal with a presentation on “Importance of springshed data monitoring system: mechanisms of setting up a monitoring system”. He talked about spring monitoring, selection of Springs and data collection and the importance of checking data quality and storing. He explained the various criteria for spring selection for long term monitoring and providing training to the data recorder who is to be a local and is able to measure discharge and precipitation accurately and enter data accurately in the data entry format. He also explained the steps of measuring spring discharge, rainfall measurement and water quality testing technique.
The next step of Spring Revival “Gender, Social and Governance aspects” was explained by Simran Sumbre, ACWADAM with a presentation on “Community Mobilization, PRA tools, and Institutions for Spring Governance” where she talked about socio-hydrogeology which is the interconnected relationship between the community and their groundwater and why understanding it is important. She also talked about the elements of socio-hydrogeology and the tools & techniques, such as Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA), focused group discussions, household surveys, semi-structured interviews are important for data collection. She also mentioned the different aspects of community mobilization and the importance of involving women in socio-hydrogeological data collection because water insecurity has a differential impact on women, especially from the marginalized group. She also talked about the importance of involving women participants and people from marginalized groups while forming Institutions for spring governance for achieving water safety and security. Vulnerability assessment of Springs and identification of Critical springs were also highlighted during her presentation.
DAY 3- Field visit at Spring Source water supply system, Chakpa Phayeng.
As a part of the training programme, the participants along with the experts and officials of DoE&CC visited Spring Source water supply system at Chakpa Phayeng with the purpose to understand spring inventory, water quality testing and spring discharge measurement. During the field visit, spring discharge measurement and household surveys were carried out.
DAY 4
The fourth day of the training cum workshop programme commenced with a reflection from the participants on how the field visit to Spring Source water supply system, Chakpa Phayeng helped in understanding spring inventory, water quality testing and spring discharge measurement, PRA at village level. Simran Sumbre helped in the interpretation and evaluation of the field data and household surveys done during the field visit.
The session was continued with an explanation on the next step of Spring revival by Gunanidhi Pokhrel, ICIMOD, Nepal with a presentation on “Significance of geology in understanding spring hydrogeology”. During his presentation he talked about Rock types and rock cycle, characteristics of rocks, geological structures, weathering and erosion, groundwater Springs and their types groundwater in different environment. He also talked about the different primary and secondary rock structures, Bedding/Foliation and the effects of weathering and erosion. Distribution of groundwater, its movement in different environments and their interaction with springs were also mentioned in his presentation. He also explained the various types of springs on the basis of occurrence like Depression spring, Fracture spring, Contact spring, Fault spring and Karst spring.
The second session of the 4th step of spring revival was continued by Imran Siddique with a presentation on “Hydrogeological mapping” where mapping of geology and hydrological property of rocks were explained. He also explained about the hydrogeological mapping of horizontal rocks and inclined rocks and parameters such as orientations, magnitude of openings, rock type and its orientation, magnitude of weathering and its thickness, extent and thickness of unconsolidated deposits are important parameters to be noted while collecting field data. He also highlighted the importance of proper data entry of field observations to create a map.
Gunanidhi Pokhrel took over the session with a presentation on “Introduction to the measurement of rock attributions using instruments and techniques” in continuation of the step 4 of spring revival. He talked about geological observations and parameters to be noted while taking a transect walk. The methods of compass reading- Azimuthal and Quadrant reading, measurement of orientation of inclined and horizontal rock types, measurement of dip angle, dip direction was also explained.
The fifth step of spring revival i.e., implementation of Springshed management activities for spring revival and conservation was explained by Madhav Dhakal, ICIMOD, Nepal with a presentation on “Measures in recharge zone” where recharge measurements and the different ways to measure recharge depending on land use, and land ownership of recharge zone were explained. He spoke in detail about structural measurement, vegetative measures, agronomic measures and combined measures, which are the different types of recharge measurement.
DAY 5- Field visit to Kotlen
In continuation of the training programme, the team visited Kotlen, Kangpokpi district for a deeper understanding of the hydrogeological mapping of Springshed management, which is the 5th step of Spring Revival.
DAY- 6
The last day of the training cum workshop on Springshed Management commenced with a presentation on “Governance Protocol and demand management” by Madhav Dhak al in continuation of the 4th step of spring revival. He talked about the importance of governance of springshed and Water user groups, for the management of springs and their recharge areas. He mentioned the various duties of the water user groups and regulations to be followed while implementing springshed management.
Lastly, Madhav Dhakal gave a presentation on “Measuring Impact of Spring Revival” as a part of the final step of Spring Revival- Monitoring and evaluation of Springshed Management. He explained that the 6th step of spring revival includes continuous spring monitoring, data collection and checking data quality and storing. After interventions, impacts such as improved aquifer storage reflected through an increase in spring discharge, etc. are expected to be observed.
The 6-day workshop cum training programme was concluded with a post training assessment along with feedbacks from the trainees and participants. Participation certificates were distributed to all the participants followed with vote of thanks by S.K. Gainaimei, Programme Officer, DoE&CC.